– History and evolution of cryptography.
– Cryptographic goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication.
– Types of cryptography: symmetric, asymmetric, and hashing.
– Applications in modern systems.
– Understand the basics of cryptography and its role in securing digital communication.
– Research a historical cryptographic system (e.g., Caesar Cipher) and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

– Modular arithmetic.
– Prime numbers and their properties.
– Euclidean algorithm and GCD.
– Groups, rings, and fields in cryptography.
– Introduction to probability in cryptography.
– Build a strong mathematical foundation for understanding cryptographic algorithms.
– Implement modular arithmetic functions and solve related cryptographic problems in Python.

– Substitution ciphers (Caesar, Vigenère).
– Transposition ciphers.
– Breaking classical ciphers (frequency analysis).
– Understand classical encryption methods and their vulnerabilities.
– Encrypt and decrypt text using classical ciphers and attempt to break ciphertext using frequency analysis.

– Principles of symmetric encryption.
– Block vs. stream ciphers.
– Data Encryption Standard (DES).
– Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
– Modes of operation (ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB).
– Understand symmetric encryption, including block cipher techniques and their use cases.
– Encrypt a dataset using AES and compare the results of different modes of operation.

– Public key cryptosystems: principles and differences from symmetric encryption.
– RSA algorithm: key generation, encryption, and decryption.
– Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange.
– ElGamal encryption.
– Learn the mechanics and applications of asymmetric cryptographic algorithms.
– Implement RSA encryption and decryption in Python. Perform a secure key exchange simulation using Diffie-Hellman.

– Properties: collision resistance, pre-image resistance, and second pre-image resistance.
– Common hash functions: MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256.
– Applications: password storage, integrity checks, and digital signatures.
– Understand how hash functions ensure data integrity and their limitations.
– Create a program to hash text and analyze collisions using MD5 and SHA-256.

– Concept and applications.
– HMAC (Hashed Message Authentication Code).
– Comparison with digital signatures.
– Learn methods for ensuring message integrity and authenticity.
– Implement HMAC for verifying the integrity of transmitted messages.

– Principles of digital signatures.
– RSA and DSA-based digital signatures.
– Applications: certificates, legal documents, and blockchain.
– Understand how digital signatures provide authenticity and integrity.
– Simulate signing and verifying documents using digital signature algorithms in Python.

– Basics of elliptic curves.
– ECC-based key exchange and encryption.
– Advantages over RSA.
– Applications in modern cryptography (blockchain, secure messaging).
– Learn the importance of ECC in resource-constrained environments.
– Implement elliptic curve key generation and encryption using libraries like PyCryptodome.

– SSL/TLS: principles and applications.
– Secure file sharing and messaging (PGP, S/MIME).
– Zero-Knowledge Proofs.
– Understand how cryptographic protocols secure communication over the internet.
– Set up an HTTPS server or use PGP to encrypt and share a file securely.

– Applications: Blockchain, digital currencies, secure voting systems.
– Common attacks: brute force, side-channel attacks, replay attacks.
– Mitigation strategies. | Analyze real-world cryptographic applications and threats to their security.
– Research and write a report on a cryptographic attack and its mitigation (e.g., side-channel attack).

– Combine cryptographic concepts to design a secure system.
– Include encryption, hashing, and authentication mechanisms.
– Apply all learned concepts to solve a real-world cryptographic problem.
– Design and present a cryptographic system, e.g., secure messaging or file sharing application.

1.Weekly Mini-Projects:
– Cipher implementations, encryption/decryption scripts, hashing experiments, and signature verification tasks.
2. Capstone Project:
– Build a secure application (e.g., encrypted chat, file-sharing app, or secure voting system) combining learned techniques.

– Programming Languages: Python (PyCryptodome, hashlib), JavaScript (Node.js crypto library).
– Cryptographic Libraries: OpenSSL, GPG, PyCryptodome.
– Mathematics Tools: Wolfram Alpha, SymPy (Python library).
– Books:
– Cryptography and Network Security by William Stallings.
– Applied Cryptography” by Bruce Schneier.
– Introduction to Modern Cryptography” by Jonathan Katz.